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REVIEW

A review of optical and digital aids for magnification techniques in low-vision rehabilitation

Mutali Musa1,2 ,  Ehimare Enaholo2,3 ,  Babatunde Ismail Bale1 ,  Fabiana D’Esposito4,5 ,  Caterina Gagliano5,6 ,  Rosa Giglio7 ,  Marco Zeppieri7,8*
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1 Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, 300283 Edo, Nigeria
2 Africa Eye Laser Centre, Benin, 300283 Edo, Nigeria
3 Centre For Sight Africa, Nkpor, 434105 Anambra, Nigeria
4 Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group [ICORG] Unit, Imperial College, NW1 5QH London, UK
5 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
6 Eye Center G.B. Morgagni-DSV, 95125 Catania, Italy
7 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
8 Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
JBM, e99010072 https://doi.org/10.14440/jbm.0002
Submitted: 6 March 2025 | Revised: 23 July 2025 | Accepted: 25 July 2025 | Published: 22 August 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Background: Low vision, a condition characterized by significant visual impairment, poses considerable challenges to individuals’ daily functioning and quality of life. Magnification techniques play a pivotal role in mitigating these challenges by enhancing visual acuity and enabling better access to printed materials, digital interfaces, and environmental cues. Objective: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of magnification strategies employed in low-vision rehabilitation. The review encompasses optical aids, such as magnifiers, telescopes, and microscopic devices, as well as electronic aids, including closed-circuit televisions, screen magnification software, and portable handheld devices. In addition, it explores the integration of magnification techniques with other assistive technologies and adaptive strategies to optimize functional vision. Furthermore, the article discusses emerging trends in magnification technology, including advancements in digital image processing, augmented reality, and wearable devices, which hold promise for further enhancing accessibility and independence for individuals with low vision. Conclusion: Understanding the diverse array of magnification options and their applications is crucial for eye care professionals, rehabilitation specialists, and individuals with low vision, enabling them to effectively navigate the visual challenges associated with this condition and promote greater inclusion and autonomy in daily activities.

Keywords
Low vision
Magnification techniques
Optical aids
Electronic aids
Assistive technology
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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